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Stereotypes of Jews are caricatured and generalized representations of Jews, often of a racist nature. The Jewish diaspora in Europe and the Western hemisphere have been stereotyped for over 2,000 years as scapegoats for a multitude of societal problems. Antisemitism continued throughout the centuries and reached a climax in the Third Reich during World War II. Jews are still stereotyped as greedy, nit-picky, stingy misers and are often depicted in caricatures, comics, and propaganda posters counting money or collecting diamonds. Early films such as ''Cohen's Advertising Scheme'' (1904, silent) stereotyped Jews as "scheming merchants".〔(The Movies, Race, and Ethnicity: Jews )〕 Common objects, phrases and traditions used to emphasize or ridicule Jewishness include bagels, playing violin, klezmer, undergoing circumcision, haggling and uttering phrases like ''mazel tov'', ''shalom'', and ''oy vey''. Other Jewish stereotypes are the rabbi, the complaining and guilt-inflicting Jewish mother, the spoiled and materialistic Jewish-American princess and the often meek and nerdy nice Jewish boy. ==Physical features== In caricatures and cartoons, it is often assumed that Jews have curly black hair, large hook-noses, thick lips, dark-colored beady eyes and wearing kippahs. Jews are commonly caricatured as having "Jewish noses": large or aquiline. Jews are also portrayed as swarthy and hirsute. There is a brown, edible woodland fungus, ''Auricularia cornea'', commonly referred to as "Hairy Jew's ear".〔(Discover Nature. James Cook University )〕 In European culture, prior to the 20th century, red hair was commonly identified as the distinguishing negative Jewish trait and identified with Judas Iscariot: during the Spanish Inquisition, all those with red hair were identified as Jewish.〔''The Jewish Persona in the European Imagination: A Case of Russian Literature'', By Leonid Livak, (Stanford University Press 2010).〕 In Italy, red hair was associated with Italian Jews, and Judas was traditionally depicted as red-haired in Italian and Spanish art.〔''Judas's Red Hair and The Jews'', ''Journal of Jewish Art (9)'', 31–46, 1982, Melinnkoff R.M〕 Writers from Shakespeare to Dickens would identify Jewish characters by giving them red hair.〔''Shakespeare and the Mediterranean: the selected proceedings of the International Shakespeare Association World Congress, Valencia, 2001'', ''Theatres and Performances'', (University of Delaware Press, 2004), page 40〕 The stereotype remains in parts of Eastern Europe and Russia, but not in the US or Western Europe.〔''Jewish hearts: a study of dynamic ethnicity in the United States and the Soviet Union'', SUNY Press, 2001, Betty N. Hoffman, page 106〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stereotypes of Jews」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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